Table of Contents

Overview
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The wave function \(\Psi\) is the fundamental mathematical description of quantum systems. It contains all information about a particle’s quantum state.

Definition
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The wave function \(\Psi(x, t)\) is a complex-valued function:

$$ \Psi(x, t) = A e^{i(kx - \omega t)} $$

Where:

  • \(k = \frac{2\pi}{\lambda}\): Wave number
  • \(\omega = 2\pi f\): Angular frequency
  • \(A\): Amplitude

Physical Interpretation
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Born’s Probability Interpretation
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The probability of finding a particle between \(x\) and \(x + dx\):

$$ P(x) dx = |\Psi(x)|^2 dx = \Psi^* \Psi \, dx $$

Normalization Condition
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Total probability must equal 1:

$$ \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} |\Psi(x)|^2 dx = 1 $$

The Schrödinger Equation
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Time-Dependent
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$$ i\hbar \frac{\partial \Psi}{\partial t} = -\frac{\hbar^2}{2m}\frac{\partial^2 \Psi}{\partial x^2} + V(x)\Psi $$

Or in operator form:

$$ i\hbar \frac{\partial \Psi}{\partial t} = \hat{H}\Psi $$

Time-Independent
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For stationary states \(\Psi(x,t) = \psi(x)e^{-iEt/\hbar}\):

$$ -\frac{\hbar^2}{2m}\frac{d^2\psi}{dx^2} + V(x)\psi = E\psi $$

Important Examples
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Free Particle
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\(V(x) = 0\):

$$ \Psi(x, t) = Ae^{i(kx - \omega t)} $$

Energy relation:

$$ E = \frac{\hbar^2 k^2}{2m} = \frac{p^2}{2m} $$

Infinite Square Well
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\(V = 0\) for \(0 < x < L\), \(V = \infty\) otherwise:

$$ \psi_n(x) = \sqrt{\frac{2}{L}}\sin\left(\frac{n\pi x}{L}\right) $$

Energy levels:

$$ E_n = \frac{n^2 \pi^2 \hbar^2}{2mL^2} $$

Harmonic Oscillator
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\(V(x) = \frac{1}{2}m\omega^2 x^2\):

$$ \psi_n(x) = \left(\frac{m\omega}{\pi\hbar}\right)^{1/4} \frac{1}{\sqrt{2^n n!}} H_n(\xi) e^{-\xi^2/2} $$

Where \(\xi = \sqrt{\frac{m\omega}{\hbar}}x\) and \(H_n\) are Hermite polynomials.

$$ E_n = \hbar\omega\left(n + \frac{1}{2}\right) $$

Properties of Wave Functions
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Superposition
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If \(\Psi_1\) and \(\Psi_2\) are solutions, so is:

$$ \Psi = c_1\Psi_1 + c_2\Psi_2 $$

Expectation Values
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Position:

$$ \langle x \rangle = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} \Psi^* x \Psi \, dx $$

Momentum:

$$ \langle p \rangle = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} \Psi^* \left(-i\hbar\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\right) \Psi \, dx $$

Uncertainty
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$$ \Delta x = \sqrt{\langle x^2 \rangle - \langle x \rangle^2} $$$$ \Delta p = \sqrt{\langle p^2 \rangle - \langle p \rangle^2} $$

Heisenberg uncertainty principle:

$$ \Delta x \cdot \Delta p \geq \frac{\hbar}{2} $$

Wave Function Collapse
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Upon measurement:

  • Wave function “collapses” to eigenstate
  • Probability becomes certainty
  • Copenhagen interpretation

Dirac Notation
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NotationMeaning
\(\ket{\psi}\)State vector (ket)
\(\bra{\phi}\)Dual vector (bra)
\(\braket{\phi|\psi}\)Inner product
\(\ket{\psi}\bra{\phi}\)Outer product